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Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.

In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.

Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).

In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.

There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.

In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.

Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).

This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/12bmhby6b&hl=en-JP&kgs=a09137cca2d41ecf&q=Latent+Class+and+Latent+Transition+Analysis:+With+Applications+in+the+Social,+Behavioral,+and+Health+Sciences&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp/osrp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/osrp

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Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.

In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.

Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).

In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.

There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.

In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.

Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).

This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/12bmhby6b&hl=en-JP&kgs=a09137cca2d41ecf&q=Latent+Class+and+Latent+Transition+Analysis:+With+Applications+in+the+Social,+Behavioral,+and+Health+Sciences&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp/osrp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/osrp

❇️ @AI_Python_EN

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How to Use Bitcoin?

n the U.S. people generally use Bitcoin as an alternative investment, helping diversify a portfolio apart from stocks and bonds. You can also use Bitcoin to make purchases, but the number of vendors that accept the cryptocurrency is still limited. Big companies that accept Bitcoin include Overstock, AT&T and Twitch. You may also find that some small local retailers or certain websites take Bitcoin, but you’ll have to do some digging. That said, PayPal has announced that it will enable cryptocurrency as a funding source for purchases this year, financing purchases by automatically converting crypto holdings to fiat currency for users. “They have 346 million users and they’re connected to 26 million merchants,” says Spencer Montgomery, founder of Uinta Crypto Consulting. “It’s huge.”

Mr. Durov launched Telegram in late 2013 with his brother, Nikolai, just months before he was pushed out of VK, the Russian social-media platform he founded. Mr. Durov pitched his new app—funded with the proceeds from the VK sale—less as a business than as a way for people to send messages while avoiding government surveillance and censorship.

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